About Human Concept

About Human Concept
I. Human conception in Psychoanalysis
• According to Freud, human behavior is the result of interaction of three subsystems in the human personality: ID, EGO and the superego.
• 1). ID: the personality that keeps the biological impulses of human - center instincts (lust).
- There are 2 dominant instincts:
1). Libido - reproductive instinct which provides the basic energy for human activities that are constructive; is also called the life instinct (eros); that in Freud's concept includes not only the sexual impulse, but also all the things that bring enjoyment, including a mother's love, the worship of God and the image self (narcisism).
2). Thanatos - even destructive aggressive instinct, or the death instinct.
All human motive is the combination of ethos and Thanatos.
Id move based on the principle of pleasure (pleasure principle), eager to meet his needs. Id is selfish, immoral and do not want to know the reality. Id is the human animal nature.
• 2). EGO - working to bridge the demands of Id with the reality in the outside world. Is the mediator between the desires of animal with a rational and realistic demands. The reason people can subdue the desire and live animal as a rational form (in a normal person).
• 3). Superego: police personalities, representing the ideal; is the conscience (conscience) which is the internalization of social norms and cultural community.
• ID and superego within the human subconscious. EGO was in the middle between meeting regulatory pressure and superego id.
Conclusion Psychoanalysis
Human behavior is the interaction between biological components (Id), a psychological component (ego) and the social component (the superego); or animal elements, rational and moral; or animal, akali and value.

II. Human conception in Behaviorism
• Born as a reaction to introspeksionisme (which analyzes the human soul according to subjective reports) and also psychoanalysis (which talked about the unconscious that does not appear).
• To analyze only the visible behavior only, which can be measured, described and predicted.
• the behaviorist theory is better known as learning theory of human behavior - except instinct - is the result of learning.
• Learning means changing the behavior of organisms as environmental influences.
• Behaviorism does not want people questioning whether good or bad, rational or emotional; just want to know how behavior is controlled by environmental factors; then arose the concept of "human machine" (Homo Mechanicus).
Flow opinion Behaviorism:
• At the time of birth the human soul does not have what = what, a candle table (tabula rasa) ready to be painted by the experience. The whole of human behavior, personality and temperament is determined by the experience of the senses (sensory experience).
• hedonism: looking at man as a creature who moves to meet the interests of itself, seek pleasure and avoid pain.
• Utilitarianism: all human behavior is subject to the principle of reward and punishment.
• The behaviorist holds: organisms are born without social characteristics and psychological; behavior is the result of experience and behavior are driven or motivated by the need to enhance their pleasure and reduce pain.
• The concept of social learning (social learning) from Bandura: Learning also occurs due to imitation (imitation) the ability to imitate another person's response; reward and punishment is not an important factor in learning, but an important factor in doing an act (performance). Children who are praised in expressing his feelings will do it again while the children who will refrain denounced even have the ability.

III. Human conception in Cognitive Psychology
• People no longer viewed as passive beings who react to the environment but as a creature who tried to understand the environment: a creature who is always thinking (Homo sapiens).
• Human beings are active organisms interpret and even distorting the environment.
• Cognitive Consistency Theory: individuals trying to optimize the perception of meaning, feelings, cognition and experience.
• The Person as Consistency Seeker: man as a seeker of cognitive consistency; man regarded as being always tried to maintain constancy in belief systems and belief systems of the premises of behavior.
• The Person as Information Processor: humans as processors of information; humans shifted from those who like to find a justification or defense to people who consciously solve the problem.

IV. The conception of man in Humanistic Psychology
• Explain aspects of human existence and determine the positive such as love, creativity, values, meaning and personal growth.
• Humanism Views:
1. Every human being living in a world of personal experience in which he - the I, me or myself (the I, me, or myself) - the center. Human behavior based on self-concept, namely human perspsi about her identity that is flexible and changeable.
2. Human beings behave to maintain, improve and actualize themselves.
3. Individuals react to situations according to the perception of himself and his world.
4. Perceived threat to self-defense will be followed by the self - and a narrowing of perception and behavior pengkakuan adjustment and the use of ego defense mechanisms such as rationalization.
5. Innate human tendency is toward health and wholeness itself. In normal circumstances he was behaving rationally and constructively, and to select the road to development and self-actualization.


Source: Jalaluddin Rachmat, 2008, Psychology of Communication, Chapter II, p. 17 to 47, Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya